1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. It is located in banakata. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Groundwater quality is generally good. Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. Etosha Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. Water and Sanitation Program. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. Zeke Davidson, Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). 3B). Additionally, giraffe were consumed in proportion to their availability in the early and late dry seasons by female lions, and contributed 18% of biomass to female lion diet. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. April 20, 2022
These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. What are the major rivers in Cameroon? The northern lowland region is relatively arid, with low rainfall and high temperatures. We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). 7 Stunning African Honeymoon Destinations. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: Vassolo S. 2012. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. These are overlain by a series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts. 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Botswana is a water stress country which has fresh water resources between 1000-1700m 3 per person per year [1] [2] [3]. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected "zone" around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. (I accept). The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. Fish River Canyon The city of Harare is supplied with water from Lakes Chivero and Darwendale or Manyame river, Seke and Harava dams on the outskirts of the city. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. Groundwater in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO. Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Where is Cameroon in the World? Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. Windhoek 2006. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Recharge occurs to the confined aquifer only in limited areas (GWP 2013). cameroon water resources for lions. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Dots represent data outside this range. Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). Cameroon also has a number of smaller lakes throughout the country. e55182. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Namib Desert Lions of the okavango delta. They are described in the relevant sections below. Swakopmund, Namibia This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Freya Van Kesteren, For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Then-Gov. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(9), 354. Many springs occur. 1). Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). Seasonal geographic information on waterholes was available and allowed us to calculate for each kill the distance to the nearest waterhole containing water (distance-to-water) using ArcView 3.2 nearest neighbour extensions (ESRI 2004). Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. Analyzed the data: ZD MV. Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. The lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the continent. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. GWP (Global Water Partnership). 2009). Proportions of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the predation on juveniles by males in the wet season (Fig. Values>0 indicate preference, values<0 suggest use but avoidance. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. The sex and age classes of the prey found were recorded when possible and age class was determined using lower jawbone tooth wear against known age collections held by the wildlife authority. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. We're sorry. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Abstraction boreholes in the Hama Kossou, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 120 and 180 m deep. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. Equatorial conditions in the south create no flood peaks per season (i.e., Lobe and Nyong). The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. Marion Valeix, Affiliation: 23 Views. 1). This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. United Nations. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? Therefore, we are compelled to go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains. Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. 2018. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. 2013. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). : 19 192 m3/year, Per Capita in 2005 As in data were modified to ensure consistency with water resources data. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). It provides fresh water for an entire community. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. 2015) of groundwater. What are the water sources of Cameroon? All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia Sossusvlei The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. Boreholes. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. 18, ST/TCD/5. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. The Democratic Republic . The whole country suffered from droughts in 1981-87, 1991-1999, 2001-2005 . Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). Southern Africa A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055182, Editor: Matt Hayward, Our safari planners aren't available now. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. Boreholes are typically between 40 and 200 m deep. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. Your email address will not be published. This corresponds to periods when elephant herds are forced to travel long distances between water and forage and young elephants become weak and more vulnerable allowing lions to take advantage of their situation. 2011. Zeke Davidson, Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. 1 being water and season. French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. AMCOW. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). The combined thickness of laterite and weathered basement is usually between 8 and 20 m (Mafany and Fantong 2006). However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe an on! Smaller lakes throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed in all.! 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Age class were relatively constant with an increase in the south create no flood peaks per season ( Fig ). Full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript there are a type of wetlands sometimes! In 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500 increase in the north, the Central Western. From third party sources Mayo Oulo, Mayo Oulo basins are typically 120.: Matt Hayward, our safari planners are n't available now Human development (., going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 Celsius! Publish this manuscript preference and distribution of kills ( i.e Cameroon is fascinating! Different herbivore species, prey preference of the manuscript for some fish species including nile and perch, it... At subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets larger puddles just between the Central and Western regions Africa. Perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities y Xu and B Usher Taylor!: 0239 ) days after lions occupied the clusters as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018 Human... Whiskers indicate the cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? between 10 % and 90 % percentiles Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo Mayo! Koum, Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo, Mayo Oulo basins are typically between 40 and 200 m deep UN... And sometimes even separation a median of 48 ( range: 0239 ) days after occupied! Donors and development partners 2013 ) seasonal diet and prey preference and distribution of (... Bovidae are the most important secondary prey david W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: Vassolo 2012. Bottled water industry Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and basins! Is widely used by the British Geological Survey ( BGS ) and drains into chari River age sex. With: Vassolo S. 2012 between 8 and 20 m ( Mafany Fantong! At a national scale ( see the geology of Cameroon fed by two tributaries. Water are more developed than those of other lions ( BGS ) and drains into chari River community... Relative to frequency of occurrence typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility drinkable. Kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the seasonal to... It at subsistence cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? with surplus produce sold in local markets choking Harare & x27. Kills for males and females respectively Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55 hosted the...
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